Хомо сапиенс или съвременният човек се е развил преди около 200,000 55,000 години в Източна Африка близо до съвременна Етиопия. Те са живели дълго време в Африка. Преди около XNUMX XNUMX години те се разпръснаха в различни части на света, включително в Евразия, и продължиха да доминират над света след време.
The oldest evidence of human existence in Европа бе намерен в Пещерата Бачо Киро, България. Човешките останки на това място са датирани на 47,000 XNUMX години, което предполага H. sapiens са достигнали Източна Европа преди 47,000 XNUMX години.
Евразия обаче е била земя на неандерталци (homo neanderthalensis), an extinct species of ancient humans who lived in Европа and Asia between 400,000 years before present to about 40,000 years before present. They were good tool maker and hunter. H. sapiens did not evolve from neanderthals. Instead, both were close relatives. As shown in fossil records, neanderthals differed markedly from Homo sapiens anatomically in the skull, ear bones and pelvis. The former were shorter in height, had stockier bodies and had heavy brows and big noses. Therefore, based on significant differences in physical traits, neanderthals and homo sapiens are traditionally considered to be two distinct species. Nevertheless, H. neanderthalensis намлява H. sapiens interbred outside Africa when the later met neanderthals in Eurasia after leaving Africa. The present human populations whose ancestors had lived outside Africa have about 2% neanderthal DNA in their genome. Neanderthal ancestry is found in modern African populations as well perhaps because of migration of европейците into Africa over the past 20,000 years.
The co-existence of neanderthals and H. sapiens in the Европа has been debated. Some thought that the neanderthals disappeared from northwestern Европа before the arrival of H. sapiens. Based on the study of stone tools and fragments of skeletal remains at the site, it was not possible to determine whether specific excavated levels at archaeological sites are associated with Neanderthals or H. sapiens. After reaching Европа, did H. sapiens живеят заедно (неандерталци) преди неандерталците да бъдат изправени пред изчезване?
Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) индустрия за каменни инструменти в археологическия обект в Ilsenhöhle в Ranis, Германия е интересен случай. Не може да се докаже окончателно дали това място е свързано с неандерталци или H. sapiens.
В проучвания, публикувани наскоро, изследователите извличат древна ДНК from the skeletal fragments from this site and upon mitochondrial DNA analysis and direct radiocarbon dating of the remains found that remains belonged to modern human population and were about 45,000 years old which makes it the earliest H. sapiens remains in Northern Европа.
The studies showed that Homo sapiens were present in central and northwestern Европа long before extinction of Neanderthals in southwestern Европа and indicated that both species coexisted in Europe during the transitional period for about 15,000 years. H. sapiens at LRJ were small pioneer groups who were connected to wider populations of H. sapiens in eastern and central Europe.It was also found that around 45,000-43,000 years ago, cold climate prevailed across the sites at Ilsenhöhle and had a cold steppe setting. Directly dated human bones at the site suggest that H. sapiens could use the site and operate thus showing ability to adapt to the prevailing severe cold conditions.
The studies are significant because it identifies an early spread of H. sapiens into cold steppes in northern Европа 45,000 years ago. The humans could adapt to the extreme cold conditions and operate as small mobile groups of pioneers.
***
Литература:
- Mylopotamitaki, D., Weiss, M., Fewlass, H. и др. Хомо сапиенс е достигнал по-високите географски ширини на Европа преди 45,000 626 години. Nature 341, 346–2024 (XNUMX). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06923-7
- Педерзани, С., Бритън, К., Трост, М. и др. Стабилни изотопи показват, че Homo sapiens е разпръснат в студени степи преди ~45,000 2024 години в Ilsenhöhle в Ranis, Германия. Nat Ecol Evol (XNUMX). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02318-z
- Смит, GM, Ruebens, K., Zavala, EI и др. Екологията, препитанието и диетата на ~45,000 2024-годишния Хомо сапиенс в Ilsenhöhle в Ranis, Германия. Nat Ecol Evol (XNUMX). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6
***
